Connect with us

HOME IMPROVEMENT

The Hayward Fault: Berkeley’s ‘Tectonic Time Bomb’

Published

on

Hayward

If you live in Berkeley, you’re probably aware that the UC Berkeley campus is built over the Hayward Fault, the most dangerous earthquake fault in the bay area. The fault is not only at risk of causing an earthquake, also known as “coseismic slip,” but shows its movement through aseismic creep, a very slow shifting of plates resulting in structural damage over a long period of time. The last earthquake on this fault was in 1868, one of the most damaging earthquakes in history. Seismologists predict this fault ruptures roughly every 150 years, meaning the bay is due for a shake in the very near future.

UC Berkeley’s Seismic Action Plan for Facilities Enhancement and Renewal is a campus-wide initiative working since 1997 to retrofit campus buildings that pose risks to the community when faced with an inevitable earthquake. Around 70% of the current buildings on campus have been rated seismically efficient due to construction in the past few decades, and the program has halved the life safety risks to faculty and students. However, few still remain in everyday use despite being deemed poorly constructed.

Tolman Hall, formerly housing the Department of Psychology and Graduate School of Education, was closed to students in 2011 due to a “poor” seismic rating, and permanently evacuated in summer 2018. The demolition process began with a plan to replace the building approved in 2014, and was scheduled for demolition in late 2018, but the massive structure still eerily remained for several months thereafter, a ghost town of sorts compared to the rest of campus.

“My hope is every building on campus will not kill people, but that does not mean every building on campus will be usable again after the next big earthquake,” Earth and Planetary Science Professor Roland Burgmann said.

Reflecting on his extensive research for the Berkeley Seismology Lab on the Hayward Fault’s behavior, in addition to studies of faults worldwide, Burgmann explained that the fault’s creep is steady but not enough to relieve the building pressure that will inevitably cause a major earthquake. His research team utilizes global positioning measurements and satellite technology to identify which parts of the fault deep below the surface have accrued the most tension.

“The key message clearly is that it’s the most urban hazardous fault we know. There’s probably no fault in the world that has as many people, as many hospitals, and universities along its whole extent,” Burgmann said. “It is a fault that in terms of its hazard, from our forecasting estimates, is especially likely to cause one of the next big earthquakes.”

Professor Horst Rademacher teaches the lower division course “Earthquakes in Your Backyard” and has done prominent research regarding seismology worldwide. According to his published walking tour of the Hayward Fault, a tour he also gives to the students in his course, California Memorial Stadium was completely retrofitted in 2010. Although it has only been a decade since this retrofit, slight damage from the fault’s creeping can be observed in the stadium, such as through cracks in the stairwell on the north side of the stadium.

Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of this massive renovation was updating the most seismically-conscious part of the stadium that was constructed at its birth in the early 1920s; the exterior wall of the stadium was split in half. John Galen Howard, the designer of the stadium in the twenties, was aware of the fault’s location, and split the stadium into two distinct halves that were meant to move separately from each other along the fault line in the case of an earthquake. The retrofits just a decade ago added a flexible sealant to this expansion joint to maintain this freedom of movement, though its effectiveness has never been tested in a true quake. Another effect of the fault’s creep is the displacement of Strawberry Creek, which runs through campus; the plate movement causes the stream to run along the fault when the water reaches it, and resume its movement slightly displaced after crossing the fault.

Hearst Memorial Mining Building was one of the most dangerously constructed buildings on campus, and underwent an immense seismic retrofit between 1998 and 2003. In the early 20th century, Berkeley mining students dug a 200-foot-long mining tunnel (some of which still remains today), which was coined the “Lawson Adit” after Berkeley Geologist and former Dean of the College of Mining Andrew Lawson. While some of the adit has deteriorated and collapsed in the last century, and it has been closed to the public after being deemed unsafe, the UC Berkeley seismology lab uses the mining tunnel to monitor seismic activity to this day.

The Haywired Scenario is a study of the potential hazards and effects of this predicted 7.0 earthquake on the Hayward Fault. Various research groups and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) discuss seismic hazards and how to minimize damage when this slip occurs. According to USGS, the earthquake is expected to be similar in size to the 1868 earthquake, which was around magnitude 6.5, but will have a far longer rupture length. This means the earthquake would travel beyond its epicenter south of Santa Rosa to below Oakland, creating intensive shaking south towards San Jose. In addition to causing extreme destruction due to shaking, earthquakes historically cause the most damage, deaths, and property loss from their resulting fires.

Although no one can predict earthquakes, Burgmann explained that his work in earthquake forecasting examines which parts of the fault are most susceptible to slip, information researchers use to narrow down a window of when the big one might strike.

“If we could just understand it, shouldn’t we be able to predict the earthquake?” Burgmann said. “The problem is, in every single case, we only recognize unusual things happening before an earthquake once the earthquake has already happened.”

While much of the bay area’s infrastructure has been retrofitted since 1868 to withstand even the largest quakes, there is significantly more infrastructure, public transportation, and major road bridges that pose a higher hazard to the community. Additionally, the population of the area has spiked from around 260,000 to 7.15 million individuals. Though there is no way to avoid a potentially devastating earthquake on the Hayward Fault in the future, the Berkeley community can hopefully find comfort in knowing that the campus is seismically efficient overall, due to millions of dollars of investments and years of construction. However, seismologists cannot predict when an earthquake will strike, so the Hayward Fault remains an elusive enemy in Berkeley, creeping along until a final rupture.

“There’s still a lot of things we can and need to learn about earthquakes and faults, so even if that long term question of can we predict earthquakes will never really be accessible, I think there are important things we still need to discover,” Burgmann said. “There’s definitely lots more we can do.”

Continue Reading

HOME IMPROVEMENT

Knowing the Right Amount of Concrete Supplies for Your Home Improvement Project

Published

on

Concrete Supplies

Are you ready to begin your home improvement project to focus on your garden area? If so, then you have to choose the right type of concrete supplies that you need. Note that this will depend on the specific requirements and desired outcomes of the project you are planning to do. Selecting high-quality materials will ensure durability and enhance the overall aesthetics of your garden space.

Identify the Type of Project

If you are yet to decide what type of home improvement you are going to endeavour, the most important thing is to determine your structural needs. These include the foundations, driveways, or retaining walls wherein you will need strong and durable concrete.

For aesthetic enhancements, however, you may consider decorative elements that will focus on concrete that is either coloured or stamped. But there are also special features that you may want to consider in addition to your established plan. So, you may need specialty mixes to get the job done.

Determine the Concrete Mix

There are different levels of concrete mixes that are available for different needs. So, if you are using it for structural projects, you may consider a standard or general-purpose mix. For load-bearing structures like columns or foundations, you may need high-strength concrete to cater to your particular needs.

You may also consider lightweight concrete if you are considering a non-structural project like insulation layers or decorative panels. Choices of pigments or aggregates are also great to attain an attractive finish. Apart from all that, you may also consider quick-set concrete if you are going to do small or time-sensitive projects like post holes.

Additives and Reinforcements

Some projects may require the addition of fibres to add some extra tensile strength to reduce cracking. Thus, you will need a fibre-reinforced concrete for that matter. You may also enhance properties like setting time, resistance to freezing and thawing, or setting time if you prefer. There are also reinforcement options if you like with the use of a rebar or wire mesh for a project that will need additional structural support.

Measure the Quantity

You need to calculate different factors to come up with the overall quantity that you need for your project. That said, measure the dimensions and thickness of the area to estimate the volume of concrete that you require. Concrete suppliers are more than happy to convert these measurements into the needed amount of bags or cubic metres.

Choose the Right Supplier

When it comes to concrete supplies, it is important that you know who is going to supply for your needs. Familiarity with the supplier can help you estimate the budget and trust that they are able to deliver as expected. So, if you opt for ready-to-use concrete, a pre-mixed concrete can be used for large projects to ensure consistency. You may also consider bagged concrete mixes that are suitable for do-it-yourself projects. They are also easy to mix on-site that should be more suitable if you desire to have them mixed in your presence.

Continue Reading

HOME IMPROVEMENT

Why Hiring Professionals for Metal Roof Repairs Saves Time and Money

Published

on

Metal Roof Repairs

Metal roofs are known for their durability, longevity, and resistance to adverse weather conditions. However, even the most robust roofs can experience wear and tear, leading to necessary repairs. Homeowners faced with the task of managing these repairs often contemplate whether to tackle the job themselves or hire professionals. While DIY efforts might seem cost-effective initially, hiring professionals for metal roof repairs can actually save time and money in the long run.

Understanding the Complexity of Metal Roof Repairs

Repairing a metal roof is not as straightforward as it appears. While minor issues may seem manageable to a skilled DIYer, many aspects of the repair process involve intricate details that demand specialized knowledge. Factors such as the type of metal, the roofing system design, and existing weather conditions all play crucial roles in determining the right repair approach. For instance, metal roofs can be made from a variety of materials, including steel, aluminum, and copper, each requiring specific repair techniques. Additionally, depending on the age and installation method, various metal roofs could have different fastening systems in place. A lack of expertise can lead to mistakes that exacerbate existing problems, potentially resulting in costly repairs down the line. Thus, seeking help from experts ensures that issues are diagnosed correctly and effectively resolved on the first attempt.

The Financial Implications of DIY Repairs

The initial allure of trying to fix a metal roof yourself can be fueled by the potential to save money on labor costs. However, these supposed savings can swiftly evaporate. Indeed, many homeowners who opt for DIY repairs can end up spending significantly more than they would have if they had hired professionals. Errors during the repair process can range from improper sealing of flashing to incorrect installation of panels, leading to leaks and further deterioration. This opens up the possibility of extensive damage that compromises the safety of your home. In fact, according to a report from the National Association of the Remodeling Industry, a botched roofing project can cost homeowners up to three times more than the cost of hiring a qualified contractor right from the start. The expertise offered by professionals enables them to identify underlying problems that may not be immediately apparent to the untrained eye. Their keen attention to detail prevents small issues from growing into significant, budget-breaking repairs. Entrusting repairs to professionals ensures your investment is protected and minimizes the risk of future financial strain.

The Benefits of Professional Expertise

Engaging experts for metal roof repairs also brings added benefits in terms of warranty and insurance. Many professional roofing contractors offer warranties on their work, providing peace of mind that the job will be done right. This means that if any issues arise post-repair, the contractor is responsible for rectifying them at no additional cost. Specialists in professional roofing in Denver advise looking for experienced local roofing companies, as they ensure compliance with local codes and regulations, which can protect homeowners from potential legal issues related to improper work. Investing in local professional roofing services can secure the longevity of your roof, ensuring it serves you well for years to come. Quality workmanship and the right materials can reduce the likelihood of future repairs, ultimately saving you both time and money.

Efficiency in Repair Time

Time is a valuable currency, particularly for homeowners juggling various responsibilities. When you face a metal roof repair, the process can be both time-consuming and overwhelming. Professional roofers bring both experience and efficiency to the table, often completing jobs significantly faster than an untrained individual attempting the same work. An experienced roofing crew can assess the situation quickly, implement the necessary repairs, and prevent further damage through timely intervention. Many professionals also have access to advanced equipment and techniques that allow them to repair roofs more effectively and safely. This translates into fewer delays and reduced downtime, allowing homeowners to return to their regular routines sooner. For example, a professional roofing team can often move swiftly through phases such as inspection, repair, and final quality checks, ensuring each step is executed correctly. Enlisting the help of experts can save you several hours or even days of work, particularly if the issue is

Safety Considerations

Roof repairs can be hazardous, especially when it involves climbing onto steep or high structures. Professionals are trained to navigate these dangers and come equipped with safety gear to reduce the risk of accidents. Homeowners attempting repairs themselves can put themselves and others at risk without the proper training and equipment. Investing in professional services ensures that repairs are conducted safely, complying with safety regulations and standards.

Long-Term Value and Investment

Hiring professionals for metal roof repairs should be viewed as an investment. Although it may require a higher upfront cost, the benefits of long-lasting repairs and peace of mind outweigh this initial expenditure. A well-maintained roof can enhance property value, contributing to better resale potential. Moreover, solid repairs can prevent future expenses, protecting one of the most significant investments—your home. The long-term value of hiring professionals far surpasses the seemingly lower costs associated with DIY attempts.

Metal Roof Repairs

The decision to hire professionals for metal roof repairs is backed by numerous advantages, including efficiency, cost savings, safety, and long-term investment value. The expertise and reliability of professional roofing services ensure that repairs are carried out correctly and safely, preserving the home’s integrity and enhancing its value. By choosing to invest in professional services, homeowners are ultimately making a wise choice for both their property and their peace of mind.

Continue Reading

HOME IMPROVEMENT

Why Skipping Roof Underlayment Can Lead to Expensive Repairs

Published

on

Why Skipping Roof Underlayment Can Lead to Expensive Repairs

The importance of roof underlayment in the roofing process cannot be overstated. It serves several vital functions in protecting a home from the elements. Underlayment is an additional barrier against moisture, wind, and other destructive forces. Not installing this crucial layer exposes homeowners to various potential problems, including water damage and structural issues. Understanding the risks of skipping this essential roofing component can save homeowners considerable money in repairs.

Underlayment

What is Roof Underlayment?

Roof underlayment is a protective membrane installed directly underneath roofing materials, acting as a secondary line of defense against moisture intrusion. Depending on the material, it can come in various forms, such as felt paper, synthetic sheets, or rubberized asphalt. Each type has advantages, contributing to its performance under specific weather conditions. For instance, synthetic underlayment is often preferred for its lightweight yet durable properties, making it easier to install without sacrificing protection. Depending on your local climate and roofing style, a professional roofer can help you find the most suitable materials. So, go now and reach out to local experts to ensure you make an informed decision. Selecting the right underlayment type for your roofing system is crucial to ensure optimal safety.

Potential Damages from Skipping Underlayment

Neglecting roof underlayment can lead to a cascade of problems that could endanger the structure of your home. Without this protective layer, water can seep through the roofing material, leading to leaks and damage to the underlying wooden structures. Over time, this moisture can foster mold growth, compromising the air quality inside your home. Additionally, water intrusion can weaken structural elements, increasing the risk of costly repairs. In fact, according to the National Roofing Contractors Association, water damage can account for nearly 50% of all roofing repairs. Homeowners placing their property at significant risk by forgoing underlayment may face expensive insurance claims or extensive renovations.

  • Cost Implications of Poor Roofing Choices

The financial ramifications of poor roofing choices can be staggering. While opting not to install underlayment may save money initially, the long-term costs of repairs can quickly surpass any initial savings. Moreover, home insurance policies may not cover subsequent water damage claims if underlayment is absent. This lack of coverage means homeowners might pay for repairs out of pocket, leading to unexpected expenses and financial strain. Homeowners must factor in immediate installation costs and the potential long-term implications of roofing decisions. Investing in proper underlayment will likely pay off in fewer repairs and lower insurance premiums. Understanding the cost of roofing materials and installation ensures that budgetary decisions align with long-term property protection.

Long-Term Protection and Maintenance

Proper maintenance significantly extends the life of a roof, and underlayment is no exception. Regular inspections, cleaning, and repairs help ensure the continued effectiveness of the roof and its protective layers. Homeowners should develop a maintenance schedule that pays attention to underlayment, shingles, and flashing conditions. Any signs of wear, tears, or damage should be addressed immediately. Keeping gutters clear and ensuring proper drainage improves the roofing system’s longevity. Long-term protection involves vigilance and proactive measures rather than reactive fixes. Committing to maintenance ultimately preserves both the aesthetics and functionality of the roof.

The Role of Experienced Roofers

Working with experienced roofers is crucial for roofing projects, especially concerning underlayment installation. Skilled professionals have a wealth of knowledge about roofing systems and their requirements. They understand local building codes and can ensure that your roof meets all necessary regulations, which can help prevent future legal issues.

Furthermore, experienced roofers know how to handle different weather conditions, making their insights invaluable in selecting the appropriate materials and techniques. A well-executed roofing installation emphasizes details, ensuring that the underlayment is installed correctly to mitigate risks down the line. By investing in expertise, homeowners can have peace of mind knowing their roofs are built to last.

Tapping into local resources can be immensely beneficial for those contemplating a new roofing installation or upgrades. Many communities offer workshops or seminars about home maintenance that include valuable insights into roofing practices. Home improvement stores have knowledgeable staff who can answer general questions about roofing materials, including underlayment. Additionally, local contractors may provide free estimates or consultations, allowing homeowners to gather crucial information and make informed choices. Engaging with local roofing associations can provide further resources, such as lists of certified contractors and safety regulations. These resources equip homeowners with the knowledge to choose wisely for their roofing needs.

Underlayment

Homeowners often underestimate the importance of roof underlayment, which can lead to negative consequences over time. The potential for water damage and structural issues makes this component vital for ensuring the integrity of a roofing system. Opting for proper underlayment can save significant repair costs in the future, especially when working with local roofing professionals. Understanding the implications of skipping this protective layer and the importance of an experienced roofer can provide significant value to homeowners. By prioritizing quality and expertise in roofing choices, many of the headaches around maintenance and repair can be mitigated.

Continue Reading

Trending